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Consolidation of gains (Military science) --- Effects-based operations (Military science) --- Reconstruction (1939-1951) --- United States. --- Stability operations. --- Germany --- History

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Au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, des millions d’enfants, orphelins ou brutalement séparés de leurs parents, sont recueillis dans des camps ou villages d’enfants. Cette aide humanitaire se double d’une utopie pédagogique. Instituteurs, prêtres, pédagogues, médecins ou psychiatres fondent, dans l’urgence et le dénuement, des communautés largement inspirées de l’éducation nouvelle et de l’autogestion: des républiques d’enfants. De l’Italie à la Hongrie, en France comme en Allemagne, les enfants se muent en jeunes travailleurs, ils élisent gouvernements et tribunaux. Dans l’esprit internationaliste d’après-guerre, ces citoyens doivent contribuer au relèvement de l’Europe anéantie. Les auteurs ont défriché les archives et tissent le récit vivant, incarné et parfois terrifiant de cet épisode méconnu. En quelques années, alors que le monde des adultes bascule dans la guerre froide, que les enfants grandissent, ce moment de foisonnement et d’expérimentation intenses tombe en effet dans l’oubli. Véritable point aveugle des années d’après-guerre, de l’histoire des pédagogies alternatives et des politiques humanitaires, il méritait d’être mis au jour. -- quatrième de couverture

Orphans --- Alternative education --- World War, 1939-1945 --- Reconstruction (1939-1951) --- Internationalism --- Education --- History --- Children. --- Autogestion en éducation --- Orphelins de guerre --- Enseignement --- Méthodes expérimentales --- Méthodes expérimentales.

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"The Moment of Liberation in Western Europe, 1943-1948, regards the final two years of World War II and the immediate post-liberation period as a moment in twentieth century history, when the shape and contours of postwar Western Europe appeared highly uncertain and various alternatives and conflicting visions were up for grabs. After close to six years of total war, Nazi terror, and brutal occupation policies, a growing number of Europeans were no longer content solely to fight for national liberation from fascist control. Having staked their lives in military and civilian resistance to Nazism and Italian fascism across the continent, surviving activists were aiming to ensure that such a political and social catastrophe would never befall Europe again. In the closing moments of World War II, hundreds of thousands of antifascist activists had begun to identify with the famous quote penned by the exiled German social theorists, Max Horkheimer, who had boldly proclaimed in early September 1939: 'Whoever is not prepared to talk about capitalism should also remain silent about fascism.' The economic and political elites in prewar societies were increasingly regarded as co-responsible for war, fascism, and occupation policies, from which many had benefited significantly and often enthusiastically. There were extensive popular social movements at work in almost every single state which aimed to construct postwar societies in which grassroots democracy and the free association of rank-and-file activists would replace the profit principle and the top-down Jacobin orientation by traditional elites. This study for the first time reconstructs the parameters of this contest over the shape of postwar Western Europe from a consistently transnational perspective."

Reconstruction (1939-1951) --- World War, 1939-1945 --- Conditions sociales --- Politique et gouvernement --- Reconstruction d'après-guerre (2e guerre mondiale) --- Europe, Western --- Politics and government --- Protest movements --- Social movements --- Postwar reconstruction --- History --- Reconstruction --- Europe --- Social conditions

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Between 1945 and 1950, approximately 130,000 Germans were interned in the Soviet zone of occupied Germany, including in former Nazi concentration camps. One third of detainees died, prompting comparisons with Nazi terror. But what about the western zones, where the Americans, British, and French also detained hundreds of thousands of Germans without trial? This first in-depth study compares internment by all four occupying powers, asking who was interned, how they were treated, and when and why they were arrested and released. It confirms the incomparably appalling conditions and death rates in the Soviet camps but identifies similarities in other respects. Andrew H. Beattie argues that internment everywhere was an inherently extrajudicial measure with punitive and preventative dimensions that aimed to eradicate Nazism and create a new Germany. By recognising its true nature and extent, he suggests that denazification was more severe and coercive but also more differentiated and complex than previously thought.

Prisoner-of-war camps --- Concentration camps --- World War, 1939-1945 --- Prisoners of war --- Denazification --- Military government --- Military rule --- Public administration --- Civil-military relations --- Military occupation --- Reconstruction (1939-1951) --- Death camps --- Detention camps --- Extermination camps --- Internment camps --- Detention of persons --- Military camps --- P.O.W. camps --- POW camps --- Prisons --- History --- Prisoners and prisons, German. --- Housing --- Germany --- Nazi concentration camps --- Concentration camps, Nazi --- Death camps, Nazi --- Extermination camps, Nazi --- Nazi death camps --- Nazi extermination camps --- Incarceration camps --- Prisoner-of-war camps - Germany - History - 20th century --- Concentration camps - Germany - History - 20th century --- World War, 1939-1945 - Prisoners and prisons, German --- Prisoners of war - Germany - History - 20th century --- World War, 1939-1945 - Concentration camps - Germany --- Denazification - Germany - History - 20th century --- Military government - Germany - History - 20th century --- Prisonnier de guerre --- Camp de concentration --- XXe s., 1901-2000 --- Guerre mondiale, 2e, 1939-1945 --- Dénazification --- Gouvernement militaire --- Allemagne --- Germany - History - 1945-1955